Disadvantges of Joint Family

extended family also has some disadvantages just like any other thing. For instance, one’s privacy may be denied in some cases because of the large number of people. There are some things you will want to do alone or sometimes one may want to think or spend time alone in privacy all of which is very hard to do in the extended family especially a very large one. There is also a kind of monarchy in extended family. A decision made by the over head which is usually the grandfather cannot be challenged any other person. This is a disadvantage because one may not be allowed to exercise his rights of freewill to something.Some Children get spoilt in extended family by the grandparents. Because the grandparents so love them, they are given freewill to almost anything for some even the bad deeds are ignored. The grandparents may also prevent the parents from taking action on their children and this brings about disrespect from the child’s end. Trouble, quarrel and conflicts are almost inevitable in extended family. Most times, there are fights especially when there is no mutual understanding among members. You hear about cousins fighting cousins, an uncle hates his nephew and so on and so forth.On the other hand, quarrels are almost null in the nuclear family. Who do you want to fight? Your siblings or parents. But in the extended family, due to the large size and little far relationship between people, these conflicts tend to prevail. Looking at both sides, it can be deduced that even though extended family has some disadvantages, still yet, the advantages outweighs the disadvantages. Its practice in Africa should therefore be preserved. People should realize the value of having family there to help support them when in need and to give them wisdom in ways that were never thought to be possible.

Describe marketing techniques used in a business

Pl Describe marketing techniques used in a business kayaks Marks & Spencer Marketing Strategy Facets Company overview Marks and Spencer (M&S) is one of the Auk's largest and longest surviving brands and High Street retailers in the private sector. From humble beginnings in 1884 as a small bazaar, the store saw itself grow into the Auk's market leader In quality clothes retailing up until rand sass, however more recently, the company has suffered consecutive falls in clothes and food sales over the last twelve quarters.Whilst it still holds a respectable 11% of the market share there are concerns that this percentage ill continue to shrink as competition increases from other clothes and lifestyle retailers. M&S's challenge is to regain its growth It was once renowned for. M growth strategies through market penetration Market penetration is where an organization increases its market share of an existing product or service. Store refurbishment. Aware that their brand had become tired, i n 2011 M spent Been on store refurbishments to give their customers a better shopping experience.This included providing more space for the customer and more changing rooms. Recruitment of new staff for flagship branches and provision f quality training for maximum customer satisfaction and a more personal service than It has ever provided in the past. Opening of 150 more M food only stores nationwide in the next three years to compete in the small supermarket's industry. M&S growth strategies through product development Product development is where a company brings a new product or service to market or improves an existing product or service.M&S were originally known for clothing products; however they now have a wide range of products and services to satisfy their customer needs. Introduction of new exotic and diverse prepared food, for example introduction of haggis to all food stores. Provision of quality cafe © facilities in its main stores so customers were inclined to spend more time and money in the stores. Introduction of new product ranges such as birthday cards and In-house designer ranges. Launch of the new M&s. mom as direct competition to Next online, bringing a new method of shopping for its existing customers. M&S growth strategies through market development Market development Is where an organization promotes Its existing products or arrives in a new market, e. G. Overseas, for example. With potential for over 250 new 1 OFF their product ranges reach a wider customer base. Expansion of their franchise business in Western Europe. Launch of M&S. com will provide a global reach for customers for maximum market development.M&S growth strategies through diversification Diversification is where an organization produces products or services which are very different to its core activities, so that new products/services are being introduced to new markets. M&S have introduced their own bank and have attracted a number of customers interested in an al ternative to the main high street banks. The company has launched its own mail order service alongside new gifts, hamper and flowers online business. Introduction of pet/car/home/travel insurance to compete in the insurance market.Customers can now manage their household energy provision through meanderer's. Com as the company rivals other brand utility companies. M survival strategies A survival strategy is where an organization reduces costs or cuts back to either simply survive as a whole business or recover in parts of their operations. M's cent market share decline has caused senior management to review their supply chain efficiencies to improve margins wherever possible. The company is constantly looking to reduce costs wherever they can.Outsourcing of delivery services. The company is striving to seek quality fabrics at lower prices with its suppliers. M&S branding strategies Branding is where a company has a consistent theme which is easily recognized by its customers. M&S h as built its reputation on quality and trust reinforced by its â€Å"Only M&S† campaign † Leading actors and personalities have been recruited to revive familiar yet aspiration qualities to promote the brand through a series of television, magazine and billboard advertisements.M&S prides itself on its refund service and has built a reputation of always providing customers either refunds or store vouchers regardless of how old the item they return is. Their recent 130 year birthday played a large part in their brand promotion, building on nostalgia and trust from its valued customers. M&S relationship marketing strategies Relationship marketing is where an organization focuses on the long-term allegations it has with a customer by identifying their needs and providing products and services which satisfy those needs.The provision of M&S loyalty cards has provided an excellent platform for collection of customer data which the company those needs. M&S have an excellent tra ining programmer where its staff are taught how to become ‘closer' to the customer in order to provide them with products and services they might not already be aware of e. G. The role of the personal shopper. M&S banking use relationship marketing strategies to provide financial products for all areas of a customer's needs.

Learning Team Deliverable Essay

Measuring Domestic Output and National Income – Ch. 24 Topics comfortable Kris is comfortable with the concept of gross domestic product (GDP) as it is the dollar value of goods and services in a country during a set period. Walter is comfortable with the GDP concept and understands that is the economic thermometer of the country’s current financial status. Topics Struggle Kris still has to wrap his head around nominal GDP and real GDP when it comes to the GDP Price Index. So calculating real GDP is dividing nominal GDP by the price index. What is the difference between real GDP and nominal GDP? Walter also struggles with the concept of nominal GDP, and how it interacts with inflation. If GDP goes up and inflation goes down†¦it seems to be my understanding of the formula for calculating the nominal GDP that is holding me back. Application of topic GDP is fluctuates with whatever final good or service is bought by a customer. Living through life affects the GDP. If the GDP declines for too long, economists normally label the economy as being in a recession. Business Cycles, Unemployment and Inflation – Ch. 26 Topics comfortable Kris is comfortable with the different business cycles and measurement of unemployment. These items also affect the GDP. Walter is comfortable with the different symptoms of a recession, a period of decline lasting more than six months in total output. Of which high unemployment rates is another tell of a recession. Topics struggle Kris struggles with the concept of inflation and how it affects money today compared to money values in the past. Walter is struggling with defining a recession’s severity. Two examples given were the Great Depression and the recent recession in the last few years, Is the intensity or length of time that the recession lasts that makes one more severe than the other? Application of topic The business cycle is very familiar in Kris’ organization as the company goes through yearly contractions and expansions based on the demand from consumers in the market. The business cycle is also something Walter is familiar with in the hotel industry. The hotel industry goes up and done depending the current state of the economy. The Aggregate Expenditure Model – Ch. 28 Topics comfortable Kris is comfortable with the concepts of equilibrium GDP and disequilibrium GDP. Equilibrium is the point where goods produced equals goods purchased. Disequilibrium is any situation where goods produced are greater than goods purchased and vice versa. Walter is comfortable with the concept of GDP equilibrium, The basic premise of this equilibrium being that supply meets demand. Topics struggle Kris did not struggle with any concepts in the chapter, as they were all straightforward and easy to understand. Walter struggled with the concept of disequilibrium and how often, or what circumstances causes this to happen. I assume it is the opposite of the equilibrium and that demand supply exceeds demand but do not feel comfortable enough with the concept to say for sure. Application of topic As such, Kris cannot think of a time where there was equilibrium GDP. In reality, consumer tastes vary and it would be difficult to reach equilibrium Walter thinks that when the economy is doing well the equilibrium can be met because consumers are finically settled to continue purchasing products and business continue to produce according to demand. Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply – Ch. 29 Topics comfortable Kris is comfortable with aggregate demand in which it shows the real GDP that consumers desire to purchase at different price levels. Aggregate supply shows the relationship between the price level and the output of producers. Walter is comfortable with the concept of aggregate demand, and how consumer spending and government investments play into that calculation. As prices increases, consumer demand decreases and vice versa. Topics struggle Kris did not struggle with any concepts in this chapter. Walter struggled with understanding why aggregate supply is not affected by price levels. Application of topic Supply and demand is central to the market and economics in general. Consumer tastes always affect supply and demand. When the economy is bad and underemployment is high the demand for hig priced products decreases. Fiscal Policy, Deficits, and Debt – Ch. 30 Topics comfortable Kris is comfortable with fiscal policy, deficits, and debt as it affects his organization. Market rates are affected by the fiscal policy of the government. More or less spending affects the company’s contraction or expansion. Walter is comfortable with the concept that the fiscal debt and deficit show the governments current financial state. Topics struggle Kris struggles with the concept of automatic or built-in stabilizers. As the text states that a built-in stabilizer is something that increases the government’s budget, what kind of items constitute as a built-in stabilizer? Walter did not struggle with any of the general concepts in chapter 30. Application of topic The budget deficit affects all citizens as the government does not wisely use the tax payer’s funds properly. There is a lot of waste that keep the  government in debt. Walter notes that when the fiscal debt is higher so are taxes and fines. The misspending of the government is then the burden of the people.

International Market Entry and Development Research Paper - 3

International Market Entry and Development - Research Paper Example Market research is crucial before an entry is made into the international market. Research conducted should be realistic and complete. Market research helps in developing an efficient positioning. Overall the analysis should have complete information about the general economic conditions and the market information about the target market. Detail information about the foreign customers should be present related to whom the services and products will be offered, detailed information about the segment and the niche. Detailed information about the suppliers working in that particular country and the details about how the supply chain is managed is also necessary. Also another important factor is the way and method of entering the foreign market, the way we can enter the foreign market and reach to our possible customers. The approach is an indirect approach which is using an intermediary or an agent in order to enter the market or directly entering the market. Another way is through coll ective exporting, trading house and consortium. It is important for the firms to properly examine and adapt different market strategies once they enter the foreign market compared to the strategies they are already working with in the domestic market. The effect of these strategies on the performance of the firm is also an important factor which needs to be analyzed. Marketing mix plays an important role here which once adopted is very useful as it is based on the previous adaption strategies of the firm .Firms need to evaluate the importance if these marketing mix component so that they can analyze and check the possibilities of the firm’s success in it. The promotional strategies are also checked and analyzed again as a proper set of strategies defines the firm’s competitive advantage which is the basic tool for a firm’s success and performance in the foreign market. Market expansion helps a country

Research problem definition Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Problem definition - Research Paper Example That is how loyalty marketing, not only in the hospitality industry but also in the whole business market, emerged as being necessary and ideal. Loyalty marketing is â€Å"the management process of identifying ‘best customers’ and utilizing customer data and insight to create, retain and grow profitable relationships.† (ICLPloyalty.com, 2011: p. 1). Loyalty marketing has become a key factor for success in the service industry over the past years (Bolton, Kannan & Bramlett, 2000; Levey, 2005). In such a highly competitive market, service providers in many industries have discovered the importance of customer retention (Shoemaker & Lewis, 1999). They recognize the fact that keeping their customers is just as important as creating them. Loyalty programs have now become so common in the hospitality industry that it is hard to find a business that does not have such a program. It is known that loyal customers make more purchases than non-loyal customers do, and they ar e less likely to switch to a competitor brand just because of price and other special promotions (Shoemaker & Lewis, 1999). The most essential theory of loyalty marketing is that a small increase in loyal customers can bring a significant increase in profitability to a business. Reichheld and Sasser (1990) found that a 5 % increase in customer retention resulted in up to a 125 % increase in profits in nine service industry groups they studied. Moreover, the Harvard Business Review discovered that a company can double its profits by retaining just 5% more of its customers (Maxted, 2005). In the changing global environment, it is not too much to say that all business firms are looking for innovative ways to increase customer loyalty, because customer loyalty has a very powerful impact on firms' performance and it is considered as a major source of competitive advantages (Lam, Shanker, Erramilli, & Murthy, 2004). Loyalty marketers are not just collecting customer data, but they are als o analyzing their customers’ behavior in order to have a better understanding and to make improvements. They want to know what types of rewards the customers are redeeming, what kinds of partner offers appeal to customers, and even the customers' lifestyle or preference. The knowledge that vendors gain from knowing their customers can be expected to bring a better chance of success (Capizzi et al., 2003). Overall, one of the most dominant trends of loyalty programs these days is the coalition model. Companies in different businesses are bonding together in order to share the branding, operational costs, marketing expenses, data, and customers. These multi-merchant loyalty coalition programs offer strong benefits to attract more customers by creating value (Capizzi et al., 2003). For example, hotels are partnering with other airlines, rental cars, restaurants, and even credit card companies and offering loyalty customers more opportunity to earn points and benefits. One of the world's most recognized hotel rewards program, the Marriott Rewards, has partnerships with Boston Coach, Chase, Hertz, Skymall, Air Canada, British Airways, American Airlines, and numerous other airline companies. Members of the Marriott rewards can also earn additional points via the Marriott rewards visa card issued by Bank One (Marriott International Inc., 2011). Another example of this type of loyalty program in the hotel industry is the Hilton HHonors offered by Hilton. Hilton HHonors has more than 55

Assignment 5.2 Visual Argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assignment 5.2 Visual Argument - Essay Example However, the dictionary’s definition gives more details because union is a multi-faceted term. The dictionary adds a few examples too related to different aspects of union. Formation of unions has been a common way to achieve common goals and objectives. Unions provide many considerable benefits to the members. Some of those benefits include achievement of goals, platform for raising voice, better working conditions, and better salary packages. There are different types of unions that serve their respective members. Some common examples of unions include labor unions, trade unions, and political unions. Labor unions are usually formed for getting better salary packages and labor rights. Trade unions are formed for getting better working conditions. On the other hand, political unions are formed for government formation, as well as for getting political benefits during

Immigration and unemployment in canada Term Paper

Immigration and unemployment in canada - Term Paper Example he above figure shows that although Canada has been accommodating immigrants since the late 19th century, yet the number has drastically increased after the mid of the 20th century, specifically in the last two decades. (www.immigrationwatchcanada.org, 200-) mentioned in the same report that recent surveys have discovered that over 2 millions of Canadians are unemployed. The point of consideration is â€Å"if the increasing number of immigrants has influenced the number of employment opportunities for the native Canadians.† There are various factors that play their role in linking immigration and employment status in Canada. Canada is spread on a large piece of land, naturally enriched with natural resources. On the contrary, the low fertility rate of Canadian natives is not compatible with the number of workers required for the establishment and development of industries needed to make use of Canada’s natural resources for the well-being of the country. It is this characteristic feature of the Canadian culture that necessitates the influx of immigrants to overcome the deficiency of skilled workers in order to ensure economic growth and development of the country. This, undoubtedly ma y cause an apparent job-deficit for the native Canadians, yet the practice is likely to bear fruitful results in the long run as a result of a development in the industries followed by increased GDPs in the years to come. Also, the benefits of immigration outweigh the harms it may cause to the native Canadians in that the development in business results in increased facilities in no time and a better life-style for the Canadians to enjoy. Besides, Canadian policies tend to eliminate fears of economic drawback on the part of the native Canadians by creating a difference between the wages of a native and an immigrant working parallel to each other in terms of skill and position. Canadian policies tend to adopt a biased approach when setting wages in favor of the natives, who get higher

Nascar and Formula One Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Nascar and Formula One - Essay Example But the two competitions differ in three key areas, namely, 1 – rules and set-up of the competition; 2 – the technical differences in the build of race-cars; and 3 – the reach and fan following of the sport. The following paragraphs will expand on these points. Firstly, Formula One is authorized by the Federation Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) and is the more lucrative of the two. But motor-race connoisseurs have found NASCAR to be more appealing in certain aspects. For example, competition for pole position tends to be more open in a NASCAR race compared to a F1 race. In the latter, whoever starts at the pole position ends up winning the race most times, making the field of competition less-egalitarian than NASCAR. NASCAR is also noted for testing drivers' core racing skills, whereas in Formula One, strategies, tactics and other team considerations bear upon the outcome. As a result both these circuits have developed their own niche fan following. NASCAR r aces are usually 400-500 miles long and are run on oval tracks, whereas Formula One races are run on uniquely constructed circuits and last about 2-3 hrs.

Human employes vs Robot employes Research Paper

Human employes vs Robot employes - Research Paper Example The paper tells that using human employees versus robot employees is a controversial subject. As there are several advantages and disadvantages to using both types of employees in the workforce. it is sometimes hard to choose which is actually better for the economy, the society and individuals themselves. The history of robot use for roles that human employees once carried out exists for a period of at least the last two centuries. Humanity has arrived at a whole new level of existence because of the use of robots and their employable functionalities. Even though robot employees have not affected the human employee force to the degree that there are severe job shortages occurring, some experts fear that there may be an upper limit as to how many robot employees the economy can sustainably employ before human labour losses are experienced and people are negatively affected. For more than two centuries the effect that using robotic employees has had on the work force has created a pos itive overall economic benefits to society. Although in theory, jobs that were once performed by humans are now being performed by robots, does not fully reflect the true circumstances of the labour market. What has happened is that jobs that have been transferred to robot employees have now freed the previous labourers from simpler tasks so they can do other jobs, and put a greater focus on the development of new aspects of technology and business. This effect has actually created more jobs due to an increase in the production of new industries, technologies and businesses. The standard of living has risen in many areas in the world. Jobs that were lost in one particular sector or niche were in number replaced by jobs that were able to have been created in other areas. The use of robots as employees has led to an increase in gained employee time for companies to use their workers; to focus on other tasks that have allowed for the development of new aspirations. Since the labour for ce has not been devastated by the use of robots over such a long period of the last two centuries, it is more than likely it will not happen in the near future. The use of robotic employees was first evident in the textile industry around the year 1811. A group of textile workers called the Luddites first proposed the idea to economists that their jobs would be taken over by robotic employees or more simply put, by automated processes. The traditional weaving jobs that they were doing were being taken over by the automated weaving machine. In the 1930’s it was predicted that in a time frame of about one thousand years, the new work week would be approximately 15 hours long. There was expected to be a problem that people would have too much leisure time on their hands rather than having to work long hours. This was proposed by John Maynard Kennedy, however in the future years that have already come and past, this theory has obviously been inaccurate. The world wars did see a d isruption in employment, however post world wars actually proved to be economically expanding. Between the years of 1950 to 1990, again fears arose which were similar to those of the Luddites that again human labour forces would be taken over by robot employees (Rifkin 1995). Companies experienced a large degree of resistance from their employees to preserve their jobs and create contracts that were protective in the event that a job was lost to an automated machine. Smaller companies that were not subject to unions did not have to

Exercise Essay Example for Free

Exercise Essay Exercise entails an act of intentional and active body movements, force exertion on attempt to keep fit, body shape and ensuring general medical healthiness. Socially, it simply prepares an athlete for readiness towards goal accomplishment of being the best in a competition. Medical researches however, recommend a minimum of 15 minutes exercise per day to keep the body in good shape. Experts in the field of physical health education had also suggested at least a minimum of a kilometer walk on a regular basis (Knuttgen, H. 2003). Drugs heal but a therapeutic dose of regular exercise contributes a lot in the prevention of atherosclerotic diseases of great blood vessels of the heart without any side effect. In turn the risk of being a victim of cardiac arrest among other major diseases that could result from a prolonged sedentary life is reduced. Exercise completes the recuperating process of an out-patient in hospital ward. Besides, the idea of exercise gives a psychological sense of well been if a recovering patient on bed for the past few weeks could perform it with subsequent improvement. This must have been repeated severally with increasing duration of allotted time interval. How does an exercise works for good health? During exercise, there is an increase in blood circulation in the blood vessels of the body. This brings more nourishing constituents of blood (glucose, oxygen, food break down products, minerals etc) to the organs they supply at a faster rate. The homodynamic (motion) flow of blood fluid creates pressure within the vessel and thereby clears any obstruction to its flow. Usually, excessive cholesterol intake obstructs blood vessels and predispose the patient to the risk of not heart failure, hypertension et cetera. Exercise is free for all, let us all preach it, and practice it till it becomes a part and of our life. It appears to me as a means of embarking on prevention to avoid curing imminent diseases. Albeit excessive exercise puts so much stress on the body, do not do it! (Wilmore, J. , Knuttgen, H. 2003)

Importance of Ethical Behavior in Social Work

Importance of Ethical Behavior in Social Work Veronica Anderson Shalondria Wade Hill I. Ethics and Social Work For professions rooted in health and human services,  ethics are a vital part and have the most importance. The social work profession is the epitome of both integrity and ethics. Although the majority of social workers display ideal ethics and the nature of the career tends to attract the most compassionate and principled individuals, there is a small minority that engage in behavior that is considered to be unethical. The NASW (National Association of Social Workers) Code of Ethics emphasizes that the core of any type of social work revolves around professional ethics. The mission of the social work profession is rooted in a set of six core values. It is somewhat of a map that guides each social worker’s journey and is important to all social workers regardless of working conditions. These core values serve as the root for all social workers and if followed properly will ensure that each and every social worker remain highly ethical in any situation that they may face. The se core values are: (1) Service, (2) Social Justice, (3) Dignity and worth of the person, (4) Importance of Human relationships, (5) Integrity, and (6) Competence (National Association of Social Workers, 2013). Unethical behavior for a social worker is any deviation or violation from the six core values and the several principles and standards set forth by the NASW. The reason social workers misconduct is so important is because misconduct and neglect of duty by a social worker could have harmful consequences. Misconduct by a social worker can result in serious injury, lost financial support, child endangerment, and in some cases death (Hyslop, 2015). With such fatal consequences, it is urgent that the social work profession understand why some of their workers engage in such ethical misbehavior. According to Dr. Frederic G. Reamer, there are several prominent themes when it comes to social work misconduct: (1) Desperation, (2) Greed, (3) Impairment, (4) mental illness, (5) addiction (including addiction to substances, sex, and gambling), and professional burnout (Reamer, 2012). II. Competence One of the critical core values set forth by the NASW is competence. Competence is the ability to perform one’s duties both successfully and efficiently. This is critical for social workers. Social workers tend to work long hours and have a number of cases, so it is important that they can work efficiently but also keep the same standards to ensure that the job is done successfully as well. The ethical principle states how â€Å"Social workers must practice within their areas of competence and develop and enhance their professional expertise† (National Association of Social Workers, 2013). For social workers it is proper to utilize their education, personal values, experience, training, and any other professional related experiences in order to properly address any situation. Although it may be overlooked at times, being competent is a crucial factor in many cases of unethical behavior. With many of these situations, competence is the first core values that many unethical social workers neglect. Having a competent social worker is the necessary first key to resolving any situation and when it is lacking, terrible consequences could be the result. The NASW believes that social workers should continually strive to increase their professional knowledge and skills in order to apply them successfully in practice. In order to remain competent social workers must work every day to not only maintain their level of competence but to also build upon it as well. III. Case An example of unethical behavior in social work can be seen in the case of Candice Lassiter and Craig Smith in North Carolina. These two social workers were each charged with three counts obstruction of justice in relation to the death of a 15 month year old little girl. According to Mitch Weiss of the Huffington Post, the social workers were aware of the child abuse going on in the home, yet after the death of the child Lassiter, who was in charge, ordered Smith, a subordinate, to falsify records to make it appear like they did an fair and competent job in investigating the case (Weiss, 2013). There were several violations of social work ethics in this case which include: (1) lying, (2) incompetence, (3) service, (4) social justice, and (5) the unethical conduct of colleagues. Gregory Achen notes how child abuse can be hard to substantiate and requires comprehensive, time-consuming assessments from social workers (Achen, 2013). If the two social workers in the previous case used the code of ethics this child’s life could have been spared. According to the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA), child abuse and neglect is defined as: Any recent act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker which results in death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse or exploitation; or an act or failure to act, which presents an imminent risk of serious harm (U.S. Dept. Health and Human Services, 2012). In the United States 9.3% of children were victims of abuse and/or neglect in 2009. With approximately 9% of children in this country neglected and/or abused, there needs to be a voice for the children, and that voice needs to be in skilled, ethical social workers. To explain this problem in a social work setting, I propose this hypothetical situation. A social worker coming straight out of a Master’s program has just been hired by the Mississippi Department of Health and Human Services (MDHS) as a child protection services specialist. This social worker’s superior has been an excellent mentor so far and has provided necessary skills and knowledge on the subject matter and how to deal with a variety of situations. Over the past year, the young social worker has been to various functions with the supervisor and now considers them to be not only colleagues but close friends. At MDHS, social workers are informed of suspected cases through the hotline and once the case gets assigned they have 3 levels. Level 1 is called the screen out; it is centered on neglect more than actual abuse. Level 2 is still neglect and abuse but more severe than level 1 and the social worker has up to 72 hours to make a home visit. Level 3 is the most severe level. Here are the cases of extreme physical abuse and sexual abuse and the social worker has up to 24 hours to make a home visit. (MDHS). Now unfamiliar to the young social worker, her supervisor has already had a level 2 call about child abuse in a pretty bad neighborhood. The supervisor has neglected numerous home visits and eventually the hotline receives a level 3 call about this same child. The supervisor still remains to follow through, and two weeks later, the same child is found dead at the home. Upon hearing of the death, the supervisor is trying to cover their tracks and so they reach out to the young social worker. The supervisor should have handed the case to a CPS worker and oversee all of the home care visits, but did none of it. So they come to the young social worker to falsify official documents. He wants the young social worker to fill out reports showing that home visits were made and that everything seemed to be in order when they visited on the number of calls previously received. The supervisor would then sign off on all of the paperwork and even states how he himself went out to the home with the young social worker on one of the visits to ensure that everything was ok. In this hypothetical situation the police never find out about the unethical misconduct of the social workers and they continue their friendship, however due to this incident more and more cases could possibly turn out the same way and one child’s life was lost. In this scenario, there has been a variety of social work unethical behavior demonstrated. Obviously lying to cover up another colleague’s neglect is the most obvious. The core values not used were reasonable for all six. The core value of service was not administered at all here. A social worker’s primary goal is to help people in need, and in this case a child needed them and nothing was done. There was no social justice performed by these social workers because social workers are supposed to help get justice for weak and vulnerable individuals, and in this case this was not accomplished. They did not acknowledge the dignity and worth of this child, possibly because of the unsafe environment with which they were being raised. The importance of human relationships extends beyond clients at times. Although it is the target to obtain a good relationship with colleagues, it is not worth it if the clients, social workers are supposed to help, suffer as a result of it. Lastly there was no integrity or competence shown here with the falsifying of documents to cover the tracks of a superior. IV. Personal Reflection Social workers practicing in the child welfare field often face the need to make critical decisions while working in stressful work environments that can include high caseloads and limited supervision, training, and support (National Association of Social Workers, 2013). As an undergraduate social work student here at Jackson State University, the NASW Code of Ethics has played a crucial role in not only how I view social work issues but also how I look at issues in my everyday life. The role of social workers when it comes to abuse varies, but it centers on the safety and well-being of potential victims. This is one major reason why I feel that it is important to have a code of ethics and set of guiding principles that anyone can fall back on when confronted with morally unclear issues such as the prior hypothetical situation. In my opinion, both the supervisor and the young social worker were more than wrong in the above scenario. First off the supervisor was neglectful in his duties initially. Any level two calls about child abuse are extremely upsetting and his duty was to call attention to it and respond appropriately. To compound his neglect, upon the death of the child he immediately began lying to his superiors, to the young social worker, and to himself. Lying about visiting the home and lying about the entire situation was not the way to go. To top it all off, due to his negligence he brought in the young social worker to lie on his behalf. He used the friendship he achieved with a coworker to justify and cover up his mistakes. The young social worker is also at fault because she should have had more integrity to not get involved in the cover up and report the negligence of her supervisor to the proper authorities. All she did, by covering up his mistake, was leave the door open for it to happen a gain and that could cost more children harm and possibly cause another life to end as well. One of the best things about the NASW code of ethics, in my mind, is the fact that they all work with each other. Without having one core value it lessen any of the other five. That is why I feel that competence is one of the most important ones. If a social worker is not competent it makes it almost impossible to display and of the other five core values. That is why in this case I feel that the core value most in need was competence. I feel that this falls hand in hand with my personal values. My aim is to become an exceptional social worker and the way to ensure this I must remain competent with everything I do. The supervisor lacked competence by not only neglecting his duties but by involving a subordinate in the affairs as well to cover his tracks. The young social worker lacked competence, by not knowing the situation that the supervisor put her in by asking for her to falsify documents. If I was ever in any situation that could possibly contradict with my personal values or the social work six core values, it would be hard to say one hundred percent what I would do, but I am more than confident that with the importance of my values and the NASW code of ethics that a solution will be reached that does not jeopardize my integrity, the integrity of my career, and my past, current, or potential clients. As a social worker we must rely on our values and the NASW core values to help us in any situation. If any situation contradicts with either of the two then we must take appropriate action. Not only would I have denied the request the supervisor gave to falsify documents, I would also reported it to either his superior or to the authorities. Social workers are similar to a variety of professions, especially when it comes to the fact that lives could potentially be in our hands. There is no way that someone could die because of my negligence, and instead of owning up to a mistake and serving the potential punishment, I would just cover it up. I would not be able to sleep at night as a result. Social workers are the first line of defense when it comes to abuse victims and with this comes the great responsibility of protecting the innocence of the nation’s children, ensuring that they at least have a chance to rise above the situation and go on to live productive lives. Bibliography Achen, Gregory. (2013). The Importance of Ethic in Social Work. San Diego State University  School of Social Work. Retrieved From: http://socialwork.sdsu.edu/insitu/social-workethics/the-importance-of-ethics-in-social-work-by-gregory-achen/ Hyslop, J. (2015). Mastering Social Work Values and Ethics by Farrukh Akhtar, Foreword by  Professor Hilary Tompsett, Part of the Mastering Social Work Skills series, Jessica  Kingsley Publishers, London and Philadelphia, 2012. 168 pp. ISBN 978à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 1à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 84905à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 274à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 0 (Pbk), £ 17.99. Child Abuse Review. National Association of Social Workers. (2013). NASW Standards for Social Work Practice in  Child Welfare. Retrieved from:  http://www.naswdc.org/practice/standards/childwelfarestandards2012.pdf Reamer, Frederic G. (2012). Eye on Ethics: The Dark Side of Social Work: Ethical Misconduct.  Social Work Today. Retrieved From:  http://www.socialworktoday.com/news/eoe_051712.shtml United States Department of Health and Human Services. (2012). 2012 Child Maltreatment  Annual report. Retrieved from: http://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/cb/cm2012.pdf   Weiss, M. (2013). Candice Lassiter and Craig Smith, social workers, charged in Aubrey  KinaMarie Littlejohn’s death. Huffington Post. Retrieved from  http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/04/14/candice-lassiter-craig-smith-social-workersbabys-death_n_3079938.html?utm_hp_ref=crime Mississippi Department of Human Services:  http://www.mdhs.ms.gov/media/9579/titleandtoc.pdf

Theories of Attachment and Disorders

Theories of Attachment and Disorders Table of Contents (Jump to) Introduction Attachment and Separation Disorders of Attachment Conclusion Bibliography Introduction The demand for literature on parenting and child rearing has increased exponentially over the past few decades. Parents, teachings and other professionals are being coming increasingly aware of the importance of the early relationship between mother and infant in determining future success in intimate, social and professional relationships. Over the centuries there have been a number of approaches to parenting, some promoting a formal, distant relationship, encouraging independence. However, more recently the relationship between a child and his or her primary care-giver (particularly the mother) has been shown to form the corner stone of future emotional functioning. Bowlbys (1980) theory of infant attachment explains how an infants first experience with his or her mother influences the formation of mental representation of the self and of others. The representation of the self determines the individuals sense of self worth, of how worthy one feels of receiving love. The representat ion of others shapes how the individual interprets the world and others as being reliable and trustworthy, or unreliable and not to be trusted. The development of these cognitive processes is rooted in the style of attachment an infant forms with his or her mother. The follow essay will provide an overview of attachment processes and styles and will consider the long-term impact of these. Attachment and Separation The origins of attachment theory are heavily rooted in the observations of psychologist John Bowlby and the subsequent contributions of Mary Ainsworth and others. Attachment can be understood as the tone of affection that exists between two people (or animals) and is described by Bowlby (1969: 194) as the lasting psychological connectedness between human beings. According to Bowlby, this occurs when the relationship between the mother and infant is loving and intimate, and one from which both receive enjoyment and satisfaction. Attachment differs from bonding in that bonding entails the emotional feelings that a mother experiences for her infant and does not include an element of security. Kaplan and Sadock (1998) identify phases of attachment: 1. Pre-attachment Phase (birth – 12 weeks) – characterized by babies using their eyes to orientate themselves to their mother, following her with their eyes and turning towards her voice. 2. Attachment Making Phase (12 weeks – 6 months) – sees the infant developing an attachment to more than one person in their environment (eg. Mother and father). 3. Clear Cut Attachment Phase (6 months – 24 months) – the infant shows obvious signs of distress when removed from mother and seeks proximity with mother on her return and is easily soothed by her. 4. Fourth Phase (25 months and onwards) – the child views the mother as separate. Bowlby (1969) proposed that from birth an infant will constantly seek proximity to his or her mother so as to gain comfort and security. This seeking of proximity, according to Bowlby, can be partly explained as an attachment behavioral system based on the evolutionary process of natural selection. Accordingly, only those who maintain close proximity to their mother are safe from danger and more likely to survive the potential threats of their environment. Early studies by Harry Harlow (1958), a psychologist intrigued by love, relieved the attachment needs of monkeys. One particular study showed that young monkeys, removed at birth from their mother and then given the choice between a wire monkey offering food or a wire monkey covered in cloth (yet without food), would opt for the comfort of the soft wire monkey over food. This experiment showed that attachment is more than a need for food, but includes strong elements of a need for love and affection. According to Bowlby (1969, 1980) the affectional bond between mother and child has a far reaching impact, continuing throughout life. He identified four primary characteristics of attachments: 1. Safety – The carer provides the child with a safe haven; a place where he or she can return when feeling threatened. Here the child will receive acceptance and comfort in times of distress. 2. Security – The carer provides the child with a sense of security. The child feels confident to explore his or her environment. 3. Proximity – The child seeks to maintain close proximity to the carer; thereby maintaining a sense of safety and comfort. 4. Separation – When separated from the carer, the child becomes distressed and seeks proximity with the carer on his or her return and is readily soothed by him or her. Bowlby found that achieving satisfactory proximity in times of distress will result in feelings of relief, however, should the mother fail to respond to the infants attempts at receiving proximity (through crying), this will result in one of two secondary strategies: 1) Deactivation is the repression of attachment needs and avoidance of seeking proximity; 2) Hyperactivation is the continual, often unsuccessful and frustrating, attempts at attaining proximity. Bowlby (1969, 1980) highlights the importance of the quality of the mothers responsiveness and sensitivity to the infants needs in the formation of healthy, secure attachment styles. A mother who responds with sensitivity to her infants cries helps the infant contain his or her anxieties, and mirrors for the infant emotional regulation. Later, the child will be able to be a container for his or her own emotions. Bowlby (1969, 1980) explains how a responsive mother provides a secure base for the child to explore his or her enviro nment free of fear and anxiety. However, an insensitive or inconsistent mother creates, for the child, a sense of insecurity evoking feelings of anxiety and avoidance behavior. Mary Ainsworth, a colleague of Bowlby, built on Bowlbys theory. Ainsworth observed the significant influence the early attachment between mother and baby had on present and future behavior. This researcher, for example, found that by soothing a baby when they cry reduced future crying behavior. Also, Ainsworth found that secure attachment reduced anxiety and that bodily contact between mother and baby nurtured the development of future self-reliance as apposed to clinging behavior (Ainsworth, 1985). Ainsworth, Blehar, Walters and Walls (1978) undertook a study to explore Bowlbys theory. These researchers developed a study called the Stranger Situation, which sought to observe the attachment related behavior of infants when separated from and later reunited with their mother. The process of the stranger situation involved the mother and child initially being placed in the same room; a stranger would then enter the room while the mother left. The stranger would then leave the room and the mother would return and comfort her child. Again the mother would leave and the stranger would return. Finally, the mother would return to the room and comfort her child. Based on the childs behavior through this process, Ainsworth and colleagues were able to identify three distinct attachment styles: 1. Secure Attachment – A securely attached child will be seen to freely explore his or her environment in the presence of his or her mother. When the mother leaves, this child will show obvious distress and will seek proximity with his or her mother on her return, being readily comforted by her. 2. Avoidant Attachment – Children who failed to seek proximity to his or her mother were identified has having an avoidant attachment style. These children were seen as exhibiting little range in affect, and did not respond with distress when the mother left and showed little interest on her return. These children would resort to the secondary strategy of deactivation. 3. Anxious/Ambivalent Attachment – Children with this attachment style also failed to seek proximity with his or her mother, but resorted to the secondary strategy of hyperactivation. Ainsworth (1978) and colleagues were further able to identify the types of mother-child relationships associated with these attachment styles. Securely attached children were found to have mothers who are attuned and sensitive to her childs emotional as well as physical needs. She formed a secure base for her child and helped regulate stress and emotional disease. Mothers of children with avoidant attachment styles would respond with little concern to their childs distress, and rather than comfort them, she would discourage the childs attempts at achieving proximity and encourage independence. Finally, ambivalently attached child had mothers who responded inconsistently to their children. At times they would respond attentively and provide comfort; yet at other times she would discourage the crying behavior and ignore the childs attempts at proximity. These attachment styles differ slightly in adulthood, with four types being identified: sure, preoccupied, fearful-avoidant and dismissing-avoidant. These types differ to those identified by Ainsworth mainly in the distinction between fearful-avoidant and dismissing-avoidant. An individual showing a dismissing-avoidant style maintains a positive view of self and a negative view of others, while those with a fearful-avoidant styles holds a negative view of both self and others. Main, Kaplan and Cassidy (1985) were the first to demonstrate how early attachment styles, formed during infancy, are generalised to an individuals future relationships in adulthood. These researchers described how mental representations of the self and others, formed in infancy, are used to predict and interpret attachment-related situations. According to this line of thought, a person who experienced rejection in infancy will carry this experience into adult relationships. They will feel unworthy of love, and moreover, that others are incapable of loving them. Attachment styles are also shown to influence such things as self-esteem, self-efficacy and socializing abilities. In a study by Kaplan and Sadock (1998) these researchers show how securely attached adolescents are more socially adjusted than those with avoidant or anxious/ambivalent attachment styles. Furthermore, these researchers note how low self-esteem, poor social relatedness, and emotional vulnerability to stress are associated with insecure attachments during the first year of life (147). The development of theory of mind is also impeded in attachment theory. Theory of mind is the understanding that each person has heir own, separate beliefs, ideas and mental states. Furthermore, it is the ability to predict, with a large degree of accuracy, how another person may feel or respond in certain situations. For example, a person having theory of mind would accurately predict how a person may feel should they fail in an important exam. The development of theory of mind or mentalizing capacity is directly dependant on secure attachment. A mother who responds consistently with love and acceptance to her infants cry demonstrates to the infant that they have understood them and that they are in tune with their needs. This mother has demonstrated that she is able to infer the thoughts and needs of her child. The child then learns this from the mother. This ability to make accurate inferences and to envisage the emotional experiences of others is crucial for health psychological and psychosocial functioning (Fonagy, Gergely, Jurist and Targer, 2005). Disorders of Attachment As previously noted, unstable or unhealthy attachment is a result of maternal disregard, where a mother is seen to be dismissive, unresponsive, and lacking in warmth and consistency. People having an avoidant or anxious/ambivalent attachment style experience problems in developing and maintaining relationships, in communicating with others, trusting in others, feeling unworthy of love. This deprivation results in disorders of attachment including such things as failure-to-thrive syndromes, psychosocial dwarfism, separation anxiety disorder, avoidant personality disorder, depressive disorders, delinquency, academic problems, and borderline intelligence (Kaplan Sadock, 1998: 147). These resulting problems highlight some of the adverse effects of a deprived relationship between mother and child. Conclusion John Bowlbys theory of attachment has challenged some of the traditional beliefs on parenting, such as: crying babies should be left alone, holding a baby too much will result in clinging behavior, attending to a distressed baby will result in over dependence. Still today, some of these outdate beliefs are held by many. However, research into the area of attachment has revealed a very different picture. The tenderness of the relationship between mother and child has been shown as being paramount to the healthy development on emotional, social, psychological and even educational levels. Children require physical warmth, love, affection, consistency and understanding in order to develop a positive sense of self, trust in the world, confidence to explore the world and a belief in others. Children learn from their mother, from the very time of birth, what to think of the world, who they are in the world, what to expect from the world and what the world expects from them. Bibliography Ainsworth, M.S. (1985). Attachment across the life-span. Academic Medicine, 61, 792. Ainsworth, M. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., Wall, 5. (1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the Strange Situation. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Bowlby, J. (1969), Attachment and loss, Vol. 1: Attachment. New York: Basic Books. Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and Loss. New York: Basic Books. Fonagy, P., Gergely, G., Jurist, E.L., Target, M. (2005). Affect Regulation, Mentalization, and the Development of the Self. London: Karnac. Harlow, H. F. (1958). The nature of love. American Psychologist, 13, 673-685. Kaplan, H.I., Sadock, B.J. (1998). Synopsis of Psychiatry: Behavioral Science/Clinical Psychiatry (8th Ed). Lippincott, Williams Wilkins, Maryland. Main, M., Kaplan, N., Cassidy, J. (1985). Security in infancy, childhood, and adulthood: A move to the level of representation. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50, 66-104.

Malta: A Small country With Tourism and Potential Essay -- Islands, Eu

Located in the midst of the Mediterranean Sea, Malta was committed to becoming a unique tourism destination. The country and its sister islands, Gozo and Comino, offer an extensive range of characteristics, making the destination a memorable experience. From the surrounded location of the beautiful Mediterranean Sea, to the ancient sites and some of Europe’s best-known diving experiences, Malta gains tourists from around the world. With a sophisticated background, Malta strategically promotes their Maltese tourism in other countries. It remains a quiet island in the Mediterranean, but constantly depends on other countries to help bring in tourism. The tourism industry plays an important role in Malta’s economy; however, a constant dependency on other countries draws a concern. Overall, although Malta is one of the smallest southern European countries, it is large in character and the future of its tourism is just beginning. Established only60 miles from Sicily and 180 miles from the African Continent, the Maltese Islands hold a range of characteristics. (Travel Away) Multiple qualities of this distinctive country help gain tourism each year. Tourists are mainly attracted to the historical, seaside and educational aspects of the islands. (Merrien) However, it also holds high-class hotel and food industries, which helps attract over a million tourists every year. (Waller) This popular, yet small island, measuring 17-miles long, and 9-miles wide, contains a population of some of the friendliest and most sophisticated 345,000 natives. (Malta - Home) Surrounded by beautiful beaches throughout Malta, the oldest known human structures in the world still stand in great condition, right beside medieval castles, nearly 400 churches and ... ...Merrien, Nathalie. What Are the Strategies Deployed in Malta to Develop Its Tourism Industry? Universite Angers, 2013. Web. 2014. Waller, Neil. "Malta Top 10 Attractions." - My Destination Malta. N.p., n.d. Web. 2014. "Malta, A Sophisticated Cultural Destination." Travel Away. N.p., n.d. Web. 2014. "Malta - Home." Malta - Home. N.p., n.d. Web. 2014. "Visit Malta." News RSS 20. N.p., n.d. Web. 2014. "Fortina Spa Resort Malta - 5 Star Hotel in Sliema Malta." Fortina Spa Resort Malta - 5 Star Hotel in Sliema Malta. N.p., n.d. Web. 2014. "Expat Focus." Malta. N.p., n.d. Web. 2014. "Malta Food and Wine." Wineries in Malta. N.p., n.d. Web. 2014. "New Transport Service between Malta and Sicily." MaltaToday.com.mt. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Apr. 2014. Marketing Malta to Different Segments: How Medical Tourism Fits within MTA's Marketing Strategy. N.p.: n.p., 2011. PDF.

The Fourth Crusade Essay -- History, The Crusades

The Fourth Crusade Is karma the reason for the slow but evident sinking of Venice into the Mediterranean? Maybe it is indemnity for the cruel selfish acts of Venice during the Fourth Crusade. The Venetians along with crusaders robbed Constantinople for personal gains. The Fourth Crusade should be an example that it is crude and unjust to attack fellow men for no reason. The Crusades were a series of battles and short wars against the Muslims. In the eleventh century Jerusalem had been taken over by the Turks. This sparked the Crusades the Crusades ended up lasting 200 years. The third crusade was deemed unsuccessful because Jerusalem was still in Muslim hands. In 1198, Pope Innocent issued the need for a Fourth Crusade. Excitement was stirred up by Priest Faulk of Neuilly after he preached at a knight tournament (Williams 103). In other areas the recruitment work "was done on tours by major prelates, preaching sermons designed to move their listeners to take the cross" (103). At the time Egypt was the center of Muslim power so Egypt was the intended target. Unknown to crusaders, ambassadors of the Doge of Venice Enrico Dandolo were in Egypt negotiating with the sultan and assuring the sultan that Egypt would not be attacked (Williams 104). Dandolo wanted to attack Constantinople. The leader of the crusaders Count Boniface agreed with Dandolo. In Venice, Dandolo agreed to supply enough ships for 33,500 men and 4,500 horses as well as an extra 50 armed galleys (Williams 104). By the intended departure date their were only 10,000 men ready to leave (Robinson). Later, 30,000 men arrived but a new problem arose. The men only had 51,000 marks when the price was set at 85,000 for the ships. Dandolo agreed to suspend the debt if... ...new throne and Catholicism was the new state religion (Cooke). Although, "the advantages that had been gained by the Fourth Crusade vanished, as water vanishes on a hot stone" (Williams 116). What looked like a simple attack on Egypt changed into a destruction of the greatest city on earth. It was done out of greed and done by selfish people. Everyone in the hierarchy was involved up to the pope who saw his treasury rise from the gold of Constantinople. Dandolo was a good strategist but a crude man. Today many people still resent him and one scholar was asked if he knew the location of Dandolo's grave and he replied "Yes, I go there and spit on it" (Cooke). Venice gained new heights in wealth but did it come at a price. Venice is sinking into the Mediterranean. Maybe it is karma and hopefully this was a lesson that it is unjust to attack fellow men for greed.

Police Code of Silence Essay

When a new recruit joins a police force he is bursting with excitement and anticipation to fulfill all of the principles and standards that come with being a police officer: dedication, loyalty, trust and integrity. He has a high set of standards and a set of goals he wants to achieve as an officer of the law such as stopping crime, improving the moral of the neighborhoods and becoming a positive mentor to the youth of the community. He has a new sense of belonging; he is now a member of a team, a brotherhood, an official member of an elite club; he is an officer of the law. What this new officer will soon discover is that there is an unwritten law amongst his fellow officers; a law that does not bode well with his fresh sense of principles and standards. This law is called the Blue Wall of Silence. It is an expectation that an officer will overlook or not speak about the misconduct violations of another officer. Why Officers Keep Silent One of the reasons a police officer might go against his own moral code is because of his internal dilemma of whether to be loyal to the officer code of conduct or to be loyal to his fellow officers who he has formed a friendship and a brotherly bond with. The dilemma might also be enforced when the corrupt officer is a supervisor or is superior in rank. Another reason an officer might keep silent when there is misconduct present within the force is because he is afraid of retribution. When an officer â€Å"snitches† on a fellow officer there may be a whole plethora of concerns that come from the corrupt officer’s indiscretions. Will he be fired? Will his family be affected? Will there be negative impact on the precinct? Will there be further legal actions taken? The officer that is snitching also has to fear harassment from his fellow officers. He has to worry if his fellow brothers will continue to have his back and support him in the line of duty if he rats out a fellow officer. There may also be scenarios where the officer will question his morals and what is the ethical path to take. There might be â€Å"Robin Hood† type  situations where an officer is doing wrong to create a means to a positive end. An example would be of an officer falsifying documents to be sure that the serial rapist that he apprehended is held in custody. If an officer were to snitch that the arresting officer falsified the documents then a dangerous serial rapist may be set free to continue to commit harmful crimes against others. Leaderships Role The management and leaders in a department play a large part in the ethical behavior of that department. Leaders are mentors, role models, leading examples of what type of behavior is to be expected at that particular police station. How management reacts to misconduct will set the standard for what is acceptable and unacceptable conduct. Rookie officers look to their leaders and management to set the ethical guidelines for the station and to enforce the written code of conduct. When leadership and/or management are corrupt themselves, it is likely that they will not be held accountable for their unethical actions nor will they hold their fellow officers accountable for misconduct. When the leaders and management of a force are a positive example and conduct themselves in an ethical manor then their subordinates will be more likely to follow suit and hold themselves to the standards of their leaders. When leaders enforce responsibility and accountability for unethical actions there is an understanding that misconduct will not be tolerated and neither will silence of other officers misconduct. Breaking Down the Wall Even though the Blue Wall of Silence is an ethical issue for nearly every police precinct around the world, there are steps that can be taken to help reduce misconduct and corruption by police officers. As stated before, a strong and ethical leadership and management system must be in place to be able to enforce ethical standards and accountability and set proper examples. Next, hiring practices need to include procedures that screen for critical thinking skills; these skills allow officers to think and react quickly and to be able to react in an ethical manner when in a stressful situation. This skill can also help officers think out of the box and come up with ways to perform their duties without stepping outside their moral boundaries. Psychological evaluations before hiring can help determine if  an individual is likely to give into peer pressure or to choose solidarity with his peers over police integrity. Training from the beginning of a police career and throughout on how to deal with moral dilemmas, ethical situations, and reporting the misconduct of fellow officers. Training and information must also be conducted to teach what is the expected behaviors and what the repercussions will be for misconduct. Management and leaders also need to be trained to identify early warning signs of unethical behavior. Citizen reports of misconduct and a high number of incidents involving excessive force are a couple of warning that management needs to intervene. A written code of conduct and a discipline guide line should be set in place so that expectations are known and disciplinary actions for unethical behavior are also known. A disciplinary guideline gives management less discrimination on how to handle misconduct so that they will be less likely to be swayed or perform unethically themselves. No matter how strong a police officer’s moral and ethical values are, there will always be a time in his career when he will have to question whether his loyalty to his fellow officer or the police code of conduct is more important. It is the officer that has had the good example and backup of ethical leadership and management, the training to deal with those difficult situations, and the resources to know how to deal with those situations that is going to make the right choice to not hide behind the blue wall of silence.

Childhood Essay

Be able to develop positive relationships with children and young people Explain why positive relationships with children and young people are important and how these are built and maintained. Positive relationships with children and young people are important for the child so that they can learn and develop to their full ability. If a child feels comfortable with you they would be more inclined to leave their parents in the morning easier. This makes the parent feel happier – leaving their child with someone their child enjoys being – and makes them feel less guilty about going to work. This also then means they can start to play and interact with other children. Through playing and exploring and socialising the child or young person will then start to participate in more and more activities. A good relationship with the child means you make them feel safe and secure and if the child has positive emotions it is more likely they will stay healthier and not get run down or ill. A positive relationship is also important because it is then less likely that the child will act out and behave negatively. They are less likely to act out and behave negatively if the child has a positive bond with you because you will know them well enough to cater for their wants, wishes and individual needs, therefore they will not feel frustrated or alone and will not need to act out to relieve stress or anger or to gain attention. A positive relationship is important as it helps a child develop confidence at a quicker rate and develop their language and communication skills quicker too. If a child feels comfortable with you they will start to talk to you more, providing you with the opportunity to assess where the child is at developmentally with their speech, language, knowledge and other aspects, and also find out about their personal interests. You can then set activities to help the child to further develop based on what they can already do and ensure the activity will fun for them by incorporating their interests into the activity. This means they can start to develop quicker and with the help of someone they have a positive relationship with. Having a positive relationship with a child will mean you know them well, their personality, their emotions, the little things. Therefor you can easily pick up on a difference in body language to know if there is something wrong, and also you begin to know what facial expression means what and so can address any issues quicker. Also with a positive relationship the child will feel like they can come to you and this is important so that they do not keep anything inside and instead share and resolve the issue so they feel calm again and happiness is essential in childhood. A positive relationship is built through trust. It’s the little things you do that helps you build up a positive relationship with the child. For example: – Giving them praise for doing something good – Giving them a cuddle when they need it – Helping and supporting them through the daily routine – Keeping them safe and feeling secure – having a positive relationship with their parents. All of these are ways to build and maintain a relationship with the child or young person and their career. Children and young people like consistency and stability, they like what they know and as long as you can be or are there for them consistently, and are positive towards them they will begin to form a bond with you. Evaluate own effectiveness in building relationships with children or young people When settling a new child into my room there are a few things I do to make them feel comfortable and hopefully build a positive relationship with them. Firstly, when a child or young person enters the room I always make sure I greet them, making eye contact, saying hello and smiling. I make sure I get down to their level and offer to give them a hug. I try to make the environment they walk into a positive one so they do not feel threatened or intimidated but more welcomed and wanted. I think this is effective as it is becomes a routine they can get used to – seeing me when they walk through the door – and will then instinctively start to say hello back and accept your offer of a hug. I also ensure I am always happy and have a chat with their parent or guardian. I think if the parent and you have a positive relationship the child will pick up on this and start react that way too. I think it’s an effective method to use as they do not see you as ‘the person that takes them away from their parent or guardian’ but instead sees you as a friend of theirs and their parent/guardian. I also find another very effective way to build a positive relationship with a child or young person is to constantly encourage them. Giving them a variety of toys and saying ‘oh what’s this? Would you like to play in the sand? ’ ect. This promotes to them you are fun and want to play with them. Children usually like someone to play with however this is not always effective if the child’s individual preference is to be left alone. In which case it is better to build the relationship by giving them their space, but making sure you are there for them when they need you for example, they are upset and you give them cuddles and/or words of reassurance. We recently had a little girl start and every day she will sit at the breakfast table. For a couple of weeks now I have been smiling at her and asking if she wants to come play. In the past she hasn’t, but by not being too pushy and letting her settle in at her own pace, she has started to smile back and will sometimes gain the confidence to come and join me in playing in the sand for example. Therefore, patience, understanding but persevering too is an effective way to build a relationship with the child, letting them have their own time to get used to you, trust you and like you. A method I use to build a relationship with a child is to just always be in the room paying and having fun. If a new child see’s you having fun playing and the children you are with doing so too they will normally begin to do so to. I think this is effective because the ‘fun factor’ is something I have found no child can resist. Also the fact that you are always there they can get used to you quicker the more you are available to them. If you ask the children or young people questions I find they begin to come out of themselves more, however there is the potential of a language barrier and so the effectiveness of asking question is non-existent. In this case it is effective to learn some of the child’s key words in their language and communication is an effective way of building a bond with a child. If you are seen to be trying the child will recognise this and begin to try to. I have in the past learnt key words in another language and began to say it in their language and then English, this has been effective as they have wanted to learn and hey used to come ad sit with me a lot just practicing these few English words. However, I only found this effective once the child had settled into the setting and was used to being there.

Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close Essay

There is no doubt that the book â€Å"Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close† by Jonathan Safranfoer focuses more on the story with Oskar, however it also includes a compelling side story of the life of the Grandfather. From reading the different events that occur throughout his years, the readers can sense a feeling of wrongdoing and reconciliation. The underlying story about the grandfather explains his reasoning behind his wrongdoing, what he did to commit to it, and his actions afterwards to reconcile on behalf of it. The early events of the grandfather’s life were complicated for him, and resulted in his mind being corrupt. Through the quote, â€Å"Does it break my heart, of course, every moment of every day, into more pieces than my heart was made of, I never thought of myself as quiet, much less silent† (Safranfoer 17), the seclusion between him and the world is starting to become noticeable. After suffering the loss of his first love, as well as his child, left him with an unbearable sadness so early in his life. This causes his views on living to be altered; as he thought of it as something that is a shame to partake in. His inability to even talk anymore; starting with the name â€Å"Anna† and slowly reducing to nothing, verifies that her death triggered his isolation. With that, he was left empty and reluctant to allow anyone to fill that void. Years after the Anna’s death, the grandfather started his relationship with the grandmother. Still isolating himself, he explained at the end of the book, his reasoning for leaving the grandmother prior through a conversation with Oskar, â€Å"‘How did he die’ ‘I lost him before he died’ ‘How? ‘I went away’ ‘Why? ’ He wrote, ‘I was afraid’ ‘Afraid of what? ’ ‘Afraid of losing him’† (Safranfoer 322). This is a strong quote explaining how the grandfather was too scared to love someone again. The rules that he and the grandmother placed with the something and nothing areas gave him his own type of comfort in continuing to live without Anna. When he learned of the grandmother’s pregnancy, he lost any remaining security that he has accumulated throughout the course of their relationship. His views on life and love were already corrupt as he was still broken from before, so with this, he remained confused on what to do. Unable to allow himself to open up and love another one of his children again, he left before he got the chance to. Contrarily, after leaving, the grandfather wrote multiple letters to the son that he never knew, which showed how ashamed he was of himself. However, due to his perspective on living, he feels that he was left with no other choice. This was an important moment when the grandfather was able to open up to the grandmother, which allowed the readers to gain an understanding of his true thoughts and feelings towards the events of his life. He lost something he never had. That is why he generated this chaos throughout his life. It hurt him, and although he does not specifically say that he wishes it did not happen, the tone expressed shows that he would have been better off without this suffering. To elaborate on that thought, one must put themselves in the grandfathers’ shoes. The person who he was in love with, who was also carrying his child, was killed in a war that was not even ideal to be a part of. Northrop Frye, author of ‘The Educated Imagination’ states, â€Å"What produces the tolerance is the power of detachment in the imagination, where things are removed just out of reach of belief and action â€Å"(Frye 46). For the readers, this seems like a common tragedy during the war, but to really hink deeply about the emotions of the people who lived through that misfortune portrays the grandfather in a different way. He had every right to feel the way he was feeling; war put many people in misery, for many different reasons, that revolved around the same topic, loss of a loved one. To live through that, and be expected to continue on with life conventionally is obscured. Frye explains that readers develop a tolerance when reading, but what must now be done is to learn to understand within the reach of belief and action. By being able to adapt to this deeper understanding, it is easier to understand the feelings going through the grandfather. Another way the reconciliation with the grandfather is seen is when Oskar confides in the grandfather; but to Oskar, is just the renter. After hearing the message recordings on the phone, the grandfather writes, in a letter to his son, â€Å"The message was cut off, you sounded so calm, you did not sound like someone who was about to die, I wish we could have sat across a table and talked about nothing for hours† (Safranfoer 281). Thinking from the grandfather’s perspective; he is listening to the voice of his son that he never met for the first time, right before the son is about to die. One could only imagine how traumatizing it would be to hear that. This encounter between Oskar and the grandfather was more of a rude awakening to the grandfather. He left his son before he could even meet him, and now, all he has left of him is the sound of his voice, minutes before he dies. The amount of regret within the grandfather is enormous; he is ashamed. By joining Oskar in digging up the casket, he puts the letters into it. This symbolizes his way of finally sending his son the letters. It is a way to put him at peace and finally reach out to his son. These events will always be a memory, but maybe now he can find a way to accept it and try ‘living’ in a new acceptable way. For the grandfather to experiences all these occasions, yet still confess to his mistakes, makes the underlying story about him an inspirational portion to the book. Having such a distressing event early in his life causes him to make mistakes and hurt the people who are significant to him, but in the end, he makes up for it; reconciles. In the world today, it is rare that someone who takes responsibility for their actions, and admits that they were wrong. The grandfather goes through such traumas in his life, and proves to be a strong, good-hearted man.

Enrollment Process Essay

INTRODUCTION Enrollment is the process of entering and verifying data of students and faculty to register on a certain school. Different interconnected processes build up enrollment procedures called enrollment system. Enrollment system is used particularly in recording and retrieving students’ information. Tracking students’ information is also one feature of enrollment system, in which the school can trace the standing of a student. Verifying payments is also added to update or browse students’ billings. Enrollment system is a good example of a computer generated process. This can diminish the workload and provide accurate information needed of the school. Enrollment and Accounting System must be used in schools. It will provide and store the needed information faster and more convenient. Moreover, it allows the retrieval of information of student enrollees and faculties in a computer system that will lessen their time and effort of faculty staff in storing files of each student and faculty every now and then. The information here can be viewed in just a second without becoming anxious that a single file is lost. The idea behind an enrollment and accounting system is not a new concept since some schools are already using electronic enrollment system. In this study, the researchers concentrated on the developed of Enrollment and Accounting System for St. Andrew Academy to provide solution to the problem that they encounter in operating its manual enrollment and accounting system. The directress of the said school uses manual system in recording and retrieving students’ information. In fact, she does all the record keeping just by using ball pen and columnar sheet. On the other hand, the registrar also uses manual system in recording and retrieving student information. In connection to this, the researchers conclude that they are capable of creating a system to address the problem based on their background and knowledge they learned in their Database Management System 2. PROJECT CONTEXT (IPO) The system design project is Enrollment and Accounting System that will provide and store the needed information in a faster, more convenient way by  storing file of the student enrollees and payroll of the faculties in a computer system. This will also be exclusively used for the irregular students, freshmen, transferee, and professor/instructor in able to get access in course, subject, professor, and student enrollees. This will also be a big help to all the enrollment staff especially under the management information system because they are the ones who are entitled to touch and read the information. It will help the institution to have a system that will enhance the enrollment processes so as to meet the quality that the institutions are trying to meet. Input Process Output FEEDBACK Figure 1: Research Paradigm The paradigm of this research consists of three parts. First is Input wherein the researchers will identify the problems encounter of the existing of Enrollment and Accounting System of St. Andrew Academy, the Functional and Non-Functional requirements of the system, the Hardware and Software requirements, and last is the level of acceptability of the proposed system. This will enable the developers to work on the features of the system that will help alleviate, if not totally solve, the problems identified on the first phase of the study. The next phase of the study is the Process wherein the researchers will use the Unified Process (UP) in IPO is specifically from Inception to Transition. This is considered the most costly and laborious phase of the study as the developers will guarantee that the system addresses the problems determined in the first phase of the study. Last is the Output which will be the outcome of the concentrated system. The system will undergo intensive testing to evaluate the accuracy, efficiency, usefulness, responsiveness, and maintainability of the software. PURPOSE AND DESCRIPTION The main purpose of this study is to develop a software to improve the old and manual enrollment and accounting system of St. Andrew Academy. Hence, it helps allow the school to gain the optimum benefits that the user would get  once the new enrollment scheme is implemented. Moreover, it also aims to design an effective and efficient system in terms of speed, reliability and accuracy, and to ease the enrollment system for computer-based system effectively to benefit both the faculty and student community. This study is also meant to help the school manage various operations including data storage, administration, and operations. Students may inquire on matters related to admission and enrollment requirements. The faculty will also be allowed to inquire on matters related to their payrolls. This system assists the students and faculty in their educational and personal need. The enrollment and accounting system will support the student enrollment, admission, and registration process. The database includes the record of students’ personal data, academic information, and related fees. In connection to this, the information of the faculty of the school is required in this system. It focuses on storing and processing (insertion and updating) by using graphical user interface. It generates student information in formatted tables, fees invoice, subjects enrolled, student’s academic detail report, student’s personal detail report, and student’s fee deposition status report. New enrollees will be the only ones to fill up their personal information since they do not have existing records on the system yet. Returning students will only present their report card for the update of their academic record which is already stored in the system. Enrollment and Accounting System is a system in which the computer plays a major role. This is the best way of storing and retrieving data on a server or hard disk rather than using papers and file cabinets. This will help the institution to store the data they need efficiently. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The researchers aim to design and develop an Enrollment and Accounting System for the students and the teachers of St. Andrew Academy to improve their old and manual system. In accordance with this study, the researchers aimed to provide answers to the following questions: 1. To determine the problems encountered with the existing system of St. Andrew Academy. 2. To identify functional and non-functional requirements. 3. To identify hardware and software requirements. 4. To test the level of the acceptability of the proposed system. SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS The scope of this study is to determine the management practices of the said school. It will look into features of the office and its daily tasks operation. The respondents will be limited to the registrar, cashier, administrator, faculty and employees and the student to ascertain and identify the actual problems existing within the school. It will be used to avoid duplication in encoding and tracing the student information as well as the teachers/faculty information with payrolls when it comes to enrollment processing and payments. With regard to the accounting aspect, it is concerned in getting the time record and attendance of teachers. In the same time the computation of hours work and monitoring of over time, under time, late and outdoor work are included. In addition to this, the proposed Enrollment and Accounting System of St. Andrew Academy supports the network topology implementation within the campus. DEFINITION OF TERMS Operational Terms The definitions of terms are based on observable characteristics and how it is used in the study. Users They are the individuals who use the system for its problem solving assistance. Administrator It refers to a person in charge to manage a system. Record It is a document that contains an account particularly in terms of collection. Conceptual Terms The definitions of terms are based on concepts or hypothetic ones, which are usually taken from the dictionary. Computer System It is the configuration that includes all functional components of computer and its associated hardware or software. Database It is an integrated collection of data which provides a more efficient way of storage and retrieval of data and is capable of processing large portions of data immediately. Information is the data that has been changed into a  useful form of output. Process It refers to a series of actions, changes, of functions that bring about an end result. Software It is a computer terminology used to describe the unseen programming codes and running application inside the computer system. System It is a set of related a component that produces specific results.

Market Risk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Market Risk - Essay Example However, despite such innovation, risk management has not been able to prevent the distortions in markets as the use of sophisticated financial engineering methods have only contributed towards covering up the true nature and value of the economies. The traditional tools of risk management group the overall risks run by financial institutions into market risk, credit risk, liquidity risk, operational risk, legal risk, business risk as well as strategic risk. Based on above broader categories different methods have been devised which measure the respective risks which can then be effectively managed through prudent risk management policies. This paper will study the market risk and the developments which are taking place in market risk assessment methods due to changes in the economic conditions besides assessing their adequacy for current economic environment. Market risk is the risk that the changes in the prices and rates prevailing in the market can reduce the dollar value of any security or portfolio of assets. Generally speaking, market risk can be broken down into two components i.e. the risk of the overall market that the prices or rates will generally fall or rise and the second element involves the market risk which specific to that particular security or assets i.e. the changes in prices or rates taking place solely due to individual characteristics of that particular asset. (Crouhy et.al, 2006). Effectively, market risk is defined as the risk of incurring losses, which may be incurred from off and on-balance sheet items which arise due to changes in the prices in the market. Market risk is important for banks and other financial institutions because they hold different positions in financial instruments on their balance sheets. Carrying such financial instruments on balance sheet therefore put them under the risk of movements in the market prices. It is because of this unique nature of the market risk that the market risk is further split into sub categories of interest rate risk, equity position risk, foreign exchange risk and commodity position risk. It is however, important to note that all the sub-categories of market risk are not mutually exclusive as changes in one type of risk can potentially create or increase another risk. Steps involved in market risk management Before discussing the market risk assessment and different methods, it is critical that a comprehensive review of how the market risk is managed by the financial institutions. The management of market risk is a very systematic process and involves different steps which needed to be taken so that the risk can effectively be managed. These steps are: 1. Risk Identification: any good risk management system must first have the capability to identify the risks as accurately as possible. Identification of the risks therefore involves accurately what are the different types of risks which are faced by the bank or financial institutions. 2. The next step involves the measurement of risk i.e. the employment of different market risk measurement models which effectively capture and measure the risk with better degree of accuracy and predictability. 3. Based on the risk measurement parameters, banks and financial institu

IKEA Product Line Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

IKEA Product Line Development - Essay Example However, the prices are lower compared to those of competitors in the market. IKEA targets young consumers who do not have time to purchase furniture during the usual business hours. Additionally, IKEA recognizes that many of the young people lack the experience of choosing stylish furniture. For this reason, IKEA considers the needs of such consumers. It offers a wide variety of sofas and armchairs of reasonable quality and remarkable designs at low prices (Burt, Johansson, and Thelander 187). Since many of the young consumers do not have experience on how to arrange different rooms in their houses, IKEA ensures that it provides them with a demonstration on how to arrange different furniture in every room of the house. IKEA customers have the opportunity of viewing different furniture combinations so that they can make informed choices of the furniture they want to buy. IKEA carries out a rigorous commercialization strategy. IKEA creates brand awareness through TV advertising, newspaper, and magazine advertising as well as sponsorships. Additionally, IKEA has recognized the opportunity presented by online advertising forums and takes advantage of them. The company has an extensive distribution channel whose primary purpose is to ensure that customers can get their home furnishings at cheaper prices. Over 1,600 suppliers manufacture IKEA sofas and armchairs. The ready products are then transported to hundreds of stores in different parts of the globe.

Business Financial Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Financial Analysis - Research Paper Example There are currently 1,396 IHOP restaurants in competition with restaurants like Denny's offering children menus and discounts for senior citizens serving low to moderate prices. Dine Equity Mission and core value is to become the number one franchiser in the restaurant industry while providing and exceptional customer service by committing to reducing overheads and optimizing on Applebee's and IHOP business. According to their last annual report their 1st quarter stock showed the highest closing price for 2008 and the 4th quarter stock showed the lowest closing price of 2008 compared to 2007 fiscal year highest closing price shown in the 3rd quarter and lowest closing price for 2007 shown in the 1st quarter. Also according to their 2008 annual report there are 5,300 registered holders as of February 17, 2009. In analyzing this company's profitability we will look at the company's return on assets (ROA), return on equity (ROE), Gross profit margin, price earning ratio (PE), divided yield and divided payout ratio. The gross profit margin has declined from a high of 0.403636 in 2006 to 0.26885 in 2008, this indicates that the profitability of the company is declining over the years, this shows that in the next period the gross profit margin may decline. From the above table it is evident that the return on assets has been declining over the years, the value is negative for the year 2007 and ... cost of sales 1179811 303891 208465 gross profit 433817 180668 141095 gross profit margin 0.268845731 0.37285 0.403636 The gross profit margin has declined from a high of 0.403636 in 2006 to 0.26885 in 2008, this indicates that the profitability of the company is declining over the years, this shows that in the next period the gross profit margin may decline. b. Return on assets: Return on assets indicates the amount of profit generated for each dollar of assets. It is calculated by dividing net income by total assets: Return on assets = net income / total assets The following table summarizes the results: return on assets 2008 2007 2006 total income -154459 -480 44553 assets 3361217 3831162 768870 return on assets -0.045953296 -0.00013 0.057946 From the above table it is evident that the return on assets has been declining over the years, the value is negative for the year 2007 and 2008 meaning that the firm's profitability has declined and therefore expected to decline in the future. c. Return on equity: The return on equity ratio indicates the rate of return on shareholders equity. It is calculated by dividing net income by the value of share holder's equity. Return on equity= net income / equity The table below summarizes the results: return on equity 2008 2007 2006 total income -154459 -480 44553 equity 42767 209373 289213 return on equity -3.611639816 -0.00229 0.154049 From the above table it is evident that the return on equity has been declining over the years, the value is negative for the year 2007 and 2008 meaning that the returns on shareholders equity has declined and is expected to decline in future. d. Price earning ratio: This is another ratio that indicates the profitability of a company, it is a ratio that indicates the price paid by

The Educational Experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Educational Experience - Essay Example During her high school days, she had a lot of chores to perform at home after school and this did not give her a chance to study. She was the only lady in her family and therefore she had to assist her mother with the cooking after school after completing other tasks like washing the kitchen utensils and fetching water for use for the following day. Because her task burden, she could not compete well with her male counterparts. That made her be always last in her class, but the trend changed while in college. In college, she had all the time to do her personal studies and the many tasks that she used to perform during her high school days were greatly reduced. According to the two authors that is Adrienne Rich and John Tierney, the aspect of disparate opportunities for both the gender causes the difference in their education as in the situation of Dawn Riley. In her school days, her performance was dismal and that was due to the numerous chores that she used to perform after school r eprieving her chance to study. Educational history and choices The high school educational history of my friend provides a perfect platform to complement on the argument of the Adrienne Rich. Her history will support the argument of Adrienne Rich about women not receiving an equal opportunity in education (Adrienne 2). According to this author, most of the male view the female students as prey and this stereotype mind has greatly affected women students. The female, on the other hand, has also been made to believe that their assertive behavior might cause them of their marriages and this belief has made the female students failures. A lot of humiliation and self-doubt have always engulfed the minds of the female students because of the various mind raping that has been implanted in them by the male students (Adrienne 6). The choices between the two genders when it comes to professionalism also tend to support the arguments of the authors about choices. Most of the courses which are considered difficult have very few female students, unlike the male students who have the numbers in all courses. The authors were right when they said that the educational choices between the two genders are also different. The element of dividing issues to worry about has also been pinpointed by the authors to be a determinant of the educational differences between the two genders. This line of argument according to my opinion is right because female students have many things to worry about as compared to their male counterparts. For purposes of equality in education then the female and the male students should be given equal opportunity. Overburdening the female student with a lot of chores after school always reprieve them the chance to properly focus on their studies. The male students should also shun from their stereotype mindset of viewing the female students as preys. The aspect of considering the female students as preys always make them close up in terms of their particip ation in class related aspects (Adrienne 12). The author went further and started the difference that exists between the female and the male even at the workplace caused by the school life of the two genders (Adrienne 12). The female students also need to put away the intellectual self-doubt as this would cause them a lot in terms of their academic carriers.